Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 October 2024

Revised: 30 January 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 16 April 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Frederik Barkhof.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Z.M. is supported by the National Institute for Health and Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) initiative at University College London Hospitals (UCLH). R.M.M. has received research support from Merck. O.C. is an NIHR Research Professor (RP-2017-08-ST2-004); over the past 2 years, she has been a member of an independent data and safety monitoring board for Novartis; she gave a teaching talk in a Merck local symposium and contributed to Advisory Boards for Biogen and Lundbeck; she is Deputy Editor of Neurology, for which she receives an honorarium; she has received research grant support from the MS Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, the Rosetree Trust, the National MS Society and the NIHR-HTA. J.S.G. serves as co-editor for Europe for the Multiple Sclerosis Journal and as Editor-in-Chief of Revista de Neurología, receives research support from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (19/950 and 22/750) and in the past 12 months has served as a consultant/speaker for BMS, Roche, and Merck. F.P.C. received a Guarantors of Brain fellowship 2017–2020. H.V. has received research support from Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva; consulting fees from Merck, and speaker honoraria from Novartis; all funds were paid to his institution. J.K. received research grants for multicentre investigator-initiated trials DOT-MS trial, ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT04260711 (ZonMW) and BLOOMS trial (ZonMW and Treatmeds), ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT05296161; received consulting fees for F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Biogen, Teva, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi/Genzyme (all payments to institution); reports speaker relationships with F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Biogen, Immunic, Teva, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi/Genzyme (all payments to institution); adjudication committee of MS clinical trial of Immunic (payments to institution only). M.M.S. serves on the editorial board of Neurology and Frontiers in Neurology; receives research support from the Dutch MS Research Foundation, Eurostars-EUREKA, ARSEP, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MAGNIMS, and ZonMW (Vidi grant, project number 09150172010056); and has served as a consultant for or received research support from Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, Celgene/Bristol Meyers Squibb, EIP, Sanofi, MedDay, and Merck. E.K. T.T.Y. reports personal fees from Biogen, Novartis, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals and Hikma outside the submitted work and has received research support from Biogen, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Schering. G.P. has received research grants from ECTRIMS, MAGNIMS, and ESNR. A.R. reported personal fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Biogen, Bayer, Merck, and Bristol and nonfinancial support from Synthetic MR and Olea Medical outside the submitted work and is a shareholder at Tensor Medical. E.M.M.S. received speaker fees from Merck and Novartis. B.J. received speaker fees from Merck and Bristol Myers Squibb. F.B. Steering committee or Data Safety Monitoring Board member for Biogen, Merck, Eisai and Prothena. Advisory board member for Combinostics, Scottish Brain Sciences. Consultant for Roche, Celltrion, Rewind Therapeutics, Merck, Bracco. Research agreements with ADDI, Merck, Biogen, GE Healthcare, Roche. Co-founder and shareholder of Queen Square Analytics LT. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: Written informed consent was not required for this study because it did not involve research on human subjects and only involved a questionnaire.

: Institutional Review Board approval was not required because of the reasons above.

: Not applicable.

: