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Article History

Received: 12 October 2024

Revised: 12 February 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2025

First Online: 27 April 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Mor Saban.

: Monika Hierath is an employee of ESR. The remaining authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: Two of the authors have significant statistical expertise (Dr Mor Saban and Dr Clara Singer).

: Written informed consent was not required for this study.

: Approval was obtained from the local research ethics committees or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at each of the 125 participating imaging facilities across the seven countries. At each site, the IRB either approved the study or waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature and de-identification of the data.

: We have published a study aiming to assess CT appropriateness rates using the European Society of Radiology (ESR) iGuide criteria across seven European countries. Additional objectives were to identify factors associated with appropriateness variability and examine recommended alternative exams. As part of the European Commission-funded EU-JUST-CT project, 6734 anonymized CT referrals were audited across 125 centers in Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, and Slovenia. In the current study, we used the same cohort and compared that to LLMs.

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