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Article History

Received: 22 January 2025

Revised: 11 March 2025

Accepted: 5 April 2025

First Online: 14 May 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Stuart Taylor.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: S.A.T.—Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript. Personal fees from Alimentiv, shareholding in Motilent and grants from the NIHR. Consultant for AstraZeneca. Board member EME programme committee. NIHR emeritus senior investigator. S.M.—Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript. S.Tr.—Grants/Research Support: Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript, AbbVie, Buhlmann, Celgene, ECCO, Helmsley Trust, IOIBD, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer, Takeda, UCB, UKIERI, Vifor, and Norman Collisson Foundation. Consulting Fees: Abacus; AbbVie; Actial; ai4gi; Alcimed; Allergan; Amgen; Apexian; Aptel; Arena; Asahi; Aspen; Astellas; Atlantic; AstraZeneca; Barco; Biocare; Biogen; BLPharma; Boehringer-Ingelheim; BMS; Buhlmann; Calcico; Celgene; Cellerix; Cerimon; ChemoCentryx; Chiesi; CisBio; ComCast; Coronado; Cosmo; Ducentis; Dynavax; Elan; Enterome; EQrX; Equillium; Falk; Ferring; FPRT Bio; Galapagos; Genentech/Roche; Genzyme; Gilead; Glenmark; Grunenthal; GSK; GW Pharmaceuticals; Immunocore; Immunometabolism; Indigo; Janssen; Lexicon; Lilly; Medarex; Medtrix; Merck; Merrimack; Mestag; Millenium; Neovacs; Novartis; Novo Nordisk; NPS-Nycomed; Ocera; Optima; Origin; Otsuka; Palau; Pentax; Pfizer; Pharmaventure; Phesi; Phillips; P&G; Pronota; Protagonist; Proximagen; Resolute; Robarts; Sandoz; Santarus; Satisfai; Sensyne Health; Shire; SigmoidPharma; Sorriso; Souffinez; Syndermix; Synthon; Takeda; Theravance; Tigenix; Tillotts; Topivert; Trino Therapeutics with Wellcome Trust; TxCell; UCB Pharma; Vertex; VHsquared; Vifor; Warner Chilcott and Zeria Speaker fees: AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Falk; Ferring, Janssen, Pfizer, Shire, Takeda, UCB. No stocks or share options. T.R.—Grant: AbbVie. S.B.—Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript. P.J.H.—Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript. A.H.—Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript. Personal Fees: Abbvie, Arena, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS, Celgene, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Heptares, LabGenius, Janssen, Mylan, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Takeda and UCB. S.H.—Grant support from the NIHR HTA for the present manuscript. NIHR emeritus senior investigator. AAP—NIHR HTA, including grant support for the conduct of this study, grants from NIHR. Member of the Scientific Editorial Board for European Radiology (section: Gastrointestinal-Abdominal). As such, they did not participate in the selection or review processes for this article. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: Several authors have significant statistical expertise has significant statistical expertise.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.

: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

: None.

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