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Article History

Received: 11 June 2024

Revised: 5 April 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Mathias Prokop.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: A.S. received institutional research grants from Roche, AstraZeneca, MSD, a speaker fee from GE, and software from Coreline. H.P. received institutional research grants and royalties from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Siemens Healthineers and the Christian Doppler Research Association and the EU Commission (EU4Health, Horizon Europe Health) and received payments for lectures from AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bracco, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens Healthineers, Takeda. T.F. received speaker fees from Bracco, Boehringer, and Bayer. F.G. is a shareholder at Optellum Ltd and a Grant holder at Innovate UK—enabling integrated diagnostics for early detection. C.J. received institutional research grants and royalties from MeVis Medical Solutions, Bremen, Germany, and received payments to the host institute for lectures from Johnson and Johnson Medical and Canon Medical Systems. C.J. is also an investigator in a public-private research project where Radboudumc collaborates with Philips Medical Systems and Siemens Healthineers. H.U.K. received institutional research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Siemans and Philips and received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Siemens, Philips, Sanofi, and Median. C.S.-P. received speaker fees from Bracco, Boehringer, Canon, and Philips and royalties from Elsevier and Thieme. M.P. received speaker fees from Bracco, Bayer, Siemens, Canon, and royalties from Canon. M.-P.R. received benefits from AI solutions from Mevis, Corelin, and DeepHealth, speaker fee from Bracco. R.V. received an institutional research grant from Siemens Healthineers and honorarium for lectures/moderatorships from Wiley, Siemens Healthineers, and Bayer Healthcare. H.P. holds the position of Deputy Editor at European Radiology. C.J. and A.S. are members of the Scientific Editorial Board for European Radiology (sections: Imaging Informatics and Artificial Intelligence and Chest, respectively), and as such, they have not taken part in the review or selection processes for this article.

: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: Written informed consent was not required.

: Institutional Review Board approval was not required.

: Not applicable.

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