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Article History

Received: 14 March 2025

Revised: 6 May 2025

Accepted: 19 May 2025

First Online: 28 June 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Arnaud Bourdin.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: A.B. reports grants, personal fees, non-financial support and other from AstraZeneca, grants, personal fees and other from GSK, grants, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Boeringher Ingelheim, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Novartis, personal fees and other from Teva, personal fees and other from Regeneron, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Chiesi Farmaceuticals, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Actelion, other from Gilead, personal fees and non-financial support from Roche, outside the submitted work. C.M.S. reports a previous grant and fees from AstraZeneca, and a grant from GSK, all outside the present work. N.M. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants from GSK, outside the submitted work.

: Nicolas Molinari kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript. He has significant statistical expertise as the head of the statistics department at the University of Montpellier and is the deputy editor of the European Respiratory Journal for statistics.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in this study.

: The scann’air study has been approved by the CPP “Sud Mediterrannée III” under the reference 2011.12.05 - 2011-A01396-35.

: Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in Bommart et al [].

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