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Authors
Hahnemann, Maria
Karger, Bernd
Pfeiffer, Heidi
Mentzel, Hans-Joachim
Radbruch, Alexander
Wittschieber, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-7488
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WI 5034/2-1)
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2025
Revised: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 13 July 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Compliance with ethical standards
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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Daniel Wittschieber, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.
: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.
: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.
: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained by the ethical boards of all participating institutions, which are the university hospitals of the North Rhine-Westphalian cities of Cologne, Essen, and Münster; reference number: 2014-658-f-N (ethics committee of the Medical Association of Westfalen-Lippe and the Westphalian Wilhelms University). In addition, the study has been approved and supported by the Ministry of Justice of the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Attorney General’s Office (file number: 1410 E-II. 75/17).
: Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in “Abusive head trauma in court: a multi-center study on criminal proceedings in Germany” by K. Feld et al (2021; ), “Fractures and skin lesions in pediatric abusive head trauma: a forensic multi-center study” by K. Feld et al (2022; ), “Violence against children by means of shaken baby syndrome: Criminal-sociological studies on the socio-economic state of suspects who made a confession“ by M.L. Hahnemann et al (2022; ), “Characterization of subdural collections in initial neuroimaging of abusive head trauma: Implications for forensic age diagnostics and clinical decision-making” by M.L. Hahnemann et al (2023; ), "Neurological symptoms in pediatric abusive head trauma: multi-center data for clinical forensic medicine" by K. Feld et al. (2024; ) and “Temporal development of subdural collections in infants with confessed abusive head trauma: a forensic neuroimaging study” by M. Hahnemann et al (2025; ).
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