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Article History

Received: 20 January 2025

Revised: 10 July 2025

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 17 September 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr Etay Ziv.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Constantinos T. Sofocleous discloses grants or contracts from NIH/NCI, SIRTEX, SIO, Boston Scientific, SIR Foundation, Varian, and Ethicon J & J. He received consulting fees from SIRTEX, Varian, and Ethicon J & J, honoraria from Ethicon J & J and Varian, and equipment or services from MIM Software. Hooman Yarmohammadi discloses a research grant from Guerbet LLC. Olivier Chevallier discloses a 1-year research fellowship grant from Société Française de Radiologie (SFR) and Collège des Enseignants de Radiologie de France (CERF). Joseph P. Erinjeri discloses consulting fees from AstraZeneca. Chenyang Zhan discloses grants or contracts from the Society of Interventional Radiology, MSK Cancer Center Support Grant, and K12 Grant. Erica Alexander discloses consulting fees from Boston Scientific and an unpaid leadership role with the Society of Interventional Oncology. Etay Ziv discloses research grants from MSKCC, AACR, SIR, NANETS, RSNA, Ethicon, Novartis, and TOW Center. Stephen B. Solomon discloses grants or contracts from GE Healthcare and Johnson & Johnson (institutional). He received consulting fees from GE Healthcare, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Magnisity, and Obsidian (self). He participated on advisory boards for Candel Therapeutics and Impact Biotech (self) and serves on the board of directors for PAIGE AI. He also disclosed stock or stock options from Johnson & Johnson.

: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board (MSK IRB Protocol No: 16-402).

: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

: The current study overlaps with patients from prior publications. This includes (1) 72 patients who were part of a study evaluating deep learning in lung ablation zone prediction (Keshavamurthy et al []), (2) a study of 50 patients undergoing MWA for colorectal pulmonary metastases (Kurilova et al []), (3) 54 patients who were part of a study evaluating the role of KRAS mutation status and post-ablation recurrence (Ziv et al []), (4) 7 patients treated as part of a study evaluating lung ablation in breast cancer patients with oligometastatic disease (Ridouani et al []) and (5) 53 patients who were part of a study evaluating the role of lung histological subtype in post-ablation recurrence (Gao et al []). (6) Additionally, a study of 225 patients treated with microwave ablation for colorectal lung metastases (Cooke et al []). The current study not only includes a larger number of patients but also analyzes outcomes in relation to variables that were not previously assessed. The published papers have been uploaded with our manuscript submission.

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