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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Revised: 29 December 2024

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Àlex Rovira.

: Àlex Rovira serves/ed on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi, Synthetic MR, Roche, and Biogen, and has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi, Merck-Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, Roche, Bristol-Myers and Biogen, is CMO and co-founder of TensorMedical, and receives research support from Fondo de Investigación en Salud (PI19/00950 and PI22/01589) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. Frederik Barkhof is supported by the European Commission, Medical Research Council, NIHR Biomedical Research Center at UCLH, GE Healthcare, Roche, ADDI (paid to institution); is a consultant for Combinostics, IXICO, Roche; participates in Steering Committees or Data safety Monitoring Boards for EISAI, Biogen, Prothena, and Merck, and is a co-founder and shareholder of Queen Square Analytics.

: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: Written informed consent was not required.

: Institutional Review Board approval was not required.

: Not applicable

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