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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Revised: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Waleed Brinjikji.

: J.O. received research grants from the French Society of Neuroradiology SFNR, the French network of University Hospitals HUGO (‘Hôpitaux Universitaires du Grand Ouest’), INNOVEO-Chu De Brest, Medtronic, Phenox, Institut Servier, Philippe Foundation, Philips, and receives consulting fees from Balt. Ay.A. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. G.E. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. A.B. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. L.T. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Ah.A. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. T.L. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. S.G. reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. ZA reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. R.K. received research support from Cerenovus Inc., Medtronic, Endovascular Engineering, Frontier Bio, Sensome Inc., Endomimetics, Ancure LLC, Neurogami Medical, MIVI Biosciences, Monarch Biosciences, Stryker, Conway Medical, Piraeus Medical, and Bionaut Labs. He holds the following research grants: NIH (R01NS076491, R44NS107111, R43NS110114 and R21NS128199) and NSF (081215707). D.F.K. holds equity in Nested Knowledge, Superior Medical Editors, and Conway Medical, Marblehead Medical and Piraeus Medical. He receives grant support from MicroVention, Medtronic, Balt, and Insera Therapeutics; has served on the Data Safety Monitoring Board for Vesalio; and received royalties from Medtronic. W.B. holds equity in Nested Knowledge, Superior Medical Editors, Piraeus Medical, Sonoris Medical, and MIVI Neurovascular. He receives royalties from Medtronic and Balloon Guide Catheter Technology. He receives consulting fees from Medtronic, Stryker, Imperative Care, Microvention, MIVI Neurovascular, Cerenovus, Asahi, and Balt. He serves in a leadership or fiduciary role for MIVI Neurovascular, Marblehead Medical LLC, Interventional Neuroradiology (Editor in Chief), Piraeus Medical, and WFITN.

: Two of the authors (J.O., S.G.) have significant methodological expertise, and no complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: No informed consent was required as the current study involved analyzing and synthesizing previously published data and information from secondary use of deidentified electronic databases. To illustrate the review, clinical vignette was retrieved from the co‑authors’ institutional case archives (A.A.) after written informed consent for publication of anonymized images and clinical details was obtained from the patient.

: No ethical approval was required as the current study involved analyzing and synthesizing previously published data and information from secondary use of deidentified electronic databases.

: In this systematic review, the study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in included and described studies.

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