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Article History

Received: 12 May 2025

Revised: 16 September 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Marie-Pierre Debray.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau declares grants from Roche and UCB and participation to data safety monitoring board or advisory board for BMS; Yurdagul Uzunhan declares grants from Oxyvie, consulting fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim and Pfizer, payments for honoraria or lectures from Sanofi, Boehringer-Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, participation on data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Boehringer-Ingelheim, support for attending meetings from Oxyvie and Boehringer-Ingelheim; Jacques Cadranel declares consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Takeda, Johnson and Johnson, MSD, Pfizer, and Roche; David Montani declares grants from Gossamer and Merck, consulting fees from Ferrer and Merck MSD, payments for honoraria and lectures from Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Jazz Pharmacenticals, and Ferrer and Merck MSD; Martine Reunaud-Gaubert declares consulting fees from Ferrer and Merck MSD, payments or honoraria or lectures from Sanofi, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Ferrer; Guillaume Beltramo declares payments for honoraria or lectures from Boehringer-Ingelheim, support for attending meetings from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Sanofi and Asdia medical; Bruno Crestani declares grants from Boehringer-Ingelheim, consulting fees from BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chiesi, CSL Behring, GSK, Sanofi, payments for honoraria or lectures and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Roche, Sanofi, support for attending meetings from GSK and Novartis, participation on data safety monitoring board or advisory board for BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Horizon, Sanofi, and is president of the board of trustee of the Fondation du Souffle; Vincent Cottin declares consulting fees from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Avalyn, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS/Celgene, CSL, Ferrer/ United Therapeutics, Gossamer, GSK, Liquidia, Pliant, PureTech, Roche, Roivant, Sanofi, Shionogi, payments for honoraria or lectures from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ferrer/United Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi, support for attending meetings from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Sanofi, participation on data safety monitoring board for GSK and Molecure and participation to adjudication committee for Fibrogen; Raphaël Borie declares consulting fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ferrer, Sanofi, payments for honoraria or lectures and support for attending meetings from Boehringer-Ingelheim; Marie-Pierre Debray declares payments for honoraria or lectures from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Sanofi, Bracco and support for attending meetings from Boehringer-Ingelheim Aurore Sajust de Bergues de Escalup, Arthur Mageau, Lou Deneuville, Karim Sacre, Antoine Khalil, Eric Hachulla, Erwan Le Tallec, Sylvain Marchand-Adam, Grégoire Prévot declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: One of the authors, Arthur Mageau, has significant statistical expertise.

: Written informed consent was not required for this observational non-interventional study. It was waived by the Institutional Review Board.

: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

: This study is an ancillary study of the previously published study by Deneuville et al (Deneuville L, Mageau A, Debray MP, Respirology 2024;29:713–721). Most patients included in this manuscript were reported in the study by Deneuville et al, which described characteristics of patients with interstitial lung disease associated with lupus (89 patients) and analyzed factors associated with prognosis, but provided very limited information on imaging findings. This study focuses on imaging findings, both at presentation and on last follow-up. It gives a detailed description of the CT findings at presentation, including several variant signs of lung fibrosis. It analyzes CT signs of progressive disease over a long time period and compares CT to functional progression.

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