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Authors
Sheng, Wenjun
Wang, Yudong
Xiao, Lianxiang
Guo, Bin
Zhang, Yan
Qiao, Liang
Li, Qingqing
Yang, Liu
Zhang, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5920-695X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MH223)
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Revised: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Compliance with ethical standards
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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Yi Zhang.
: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.
: Liu Yang kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript. One of the authors has significant statistical expertise. No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.
: Written informed consent was not required because anonymized data were used and the study posed minimal risk to participants. Approval from the institutional animal care committee was not required because this study did not involve any animal experiments.
: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (approval no. 2024-001).
: No overlap with previously reported subjects or cohorts.
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