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Authors
Eliassen, Tiril Svaasand https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0116-1186
Bø, Lars Eirik
Flusund, Anne-Mari Holte
Köster, Anne Katharina
Andelic, Nada
Skandsen, Toril
Vik, Anne
Moen, Kent Gøran
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fakultet for medisin og helsevitenskap, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
Norges Forskningsråd (280282)
Liaison Committee (90375700)
Horizon 2020
ERA-NET NEURON (811171)
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Article History
Received: 13 February 2025
Revised: 19 October 2025
Accepted: 1 November 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Compliance with ethical standards
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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Kent Gøran Moen, kent.g.moen@ntnu.no.
: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.
: Turid Follestad and Lars Eirik Bø kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all surviving subjects (patients), or for incapacitated or younger than 16 years, from their next of kin.
: The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics (2009/2328, 2017/1214).
: The patients in this study come from two cohorts of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients: The Trondheim Moderate and Severe TBI cohort (673 patients) and the Oslo Severe TBI cohort (153 patients). Parts of these cohorts have previously been included in three studies: (1) Patients from these two cohorts, together with a cohort of patients with mild TBI, were partly included in a study of Moe et al [ ]. This study focused on traumatic axonal injury (TAI) and not brain contusions. (2) Patients from these two cohorts were partly included in a study of Flusund et al [ ]. The study of Flusund et al used the same method of lesion mapping and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) as the current study, but they made lesion maps of TAI instead of brain contusions. Lesion mapping has not been performed to study brain contusions in these patient cohorts before, and this is also addressed in the article. (3) Patients from these two cohorts, together with a cohort of patients with mild TBI, were also partly included in a study of Moen et al [ ]. The study of Moen et al also studied the prognostic value of brain contusions on MRI. However, they studied the presence and volume of brain contusions in these cohorts, while in the current study, we studied volume and location of brain contusions and with other methods.
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