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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Revised: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 9 November 2025

First Online: 15 January 2026

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Daniel Bos.

: Maarten Leening reports receiving grants from Novartis and Novo Nordisk; speaker fees from Sanofi, Daiichi Sankyo, and Novartis; and serving on advisory boards for Sanofi and Boehringer Ingelheim, all unrelated to the topic of the manuscript. No other disclosures were reported. The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any other companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: Several of the authors have significant statistical expertise.

: All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and to have their medical information retrieved from treating physicians.

: The Rotterdam Study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC (registration number MEC 02.1015) and by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Population Screening Act WBO, license number 1071272-159521-PG). The Rotterdam Study Personal Registration Data collection is filed with the Erasmus MC Data Protection Officer under registration number EMC1712001. The Rotterdam Study has been entered into the Dutch Trial Register (NTR; ) and into the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP , search portal ) under shared catalog number NL6645/NTR6831. The Rotterdam Study project persistent identifier is .

: No study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.

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