Wang, Chenhan
Zhang, Huiwei
Jiao, Fangyang
Huang, Fei
Li, Chenyang
Men, Jianwei
Ju, Zizhao
Lin, Huamei
Yang, Yunhao
Lu, Jiaying
Yue, Cheng
Jiang, Wei
Zhang, Shuoyan
Wang, Min
Guan, Yihui
Gao, Xin
Zuo, Chuantao
Jiang, Jiehui https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4948-3683
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62376150)
Science and Technology Innovation 2030 - Major Projects (2022ZD021606)
Digital Medical Research Institute Research Funding-Shanghai University (SHU-UM-JBGS-2025-8)
Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Revised: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Jiehui Jiang.
: C.Y. and W.J. are affiliated with Shanghai Rebound Data System Co. Ltd. The remaining authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.
: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.
: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. This study received ethical approval from both the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) institutional review boards and the Institutional Review Board of Huashan Hospital (HIRB, No. 2018-363). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in the ADNI database, which is publicly available and has been used in prior studies.
: