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Article History

Received: 11 September 2025

Revised: 6 December 2025

Accepted: 16 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Pr. Amandine Crombé.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Nathalie Lassau.: Advisory board for Jazz Pharmaceuticals Sophie Cousin: Advisory board: Amgen, Lilly, Roche, Astrazeneca, AbbVie, BMS, Antoine Italiano: Research grant: AMGEN, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Merck, MSD, Novartis, CHUGAI, Par-thenon, Roche, Pharmamar, BMS Daiichi Sankyo. Advisory board: Bayer, BMS, Merck, MSD, Novartis, CHUGAI, Parthenon, Roche, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo. Jean Palussière: fees for workshop by Boston Scientific. The other authors declare no financial or non-financial conflict of interest.

: One of the authors has significant statistical expertise: Pr. Amandine Crombé has a PhD and a postdoc in applied mathematics.

: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Bergonié Institute (Bordeaux, France).

: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained (Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France).

: In a prior study, our group reported 237 common patients ( ), but the objectives were different. Indeed, we developed supervised machine learning models to predict OS and compared them to clinical-pathological models, and we did not investigate unsupervised approaches and associations with mutational status (which was incomplete for some of them).

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