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Article History

Received: 14 September 2025

Revised: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Alan R. Norrish.

: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: One of the authors has significant statistical expertise.

: Written informed consent was not required for this study as it is based exclusively on data from previously published studies and serves solely to provide a systematic analysis of the current evidence.

: Institutional Review Board approval was not required because this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based exclusively on data extracted from previously published literature. No individual patient data were used.

: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis; it does not overlap with any previously published work.

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