Budai, Bettina K.
Wagner, Andreas
Havlicek, Ondrej
Konietzke, Philip
Trudzinski, Franziska C.
Biederer, Jürgen
Heußel, Claus P.
Kauczor, Hans-Ulrich
Palm, Viktoria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-6752
,
Article History
Received: 12 March 2026
Revised: 27 April 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 3 July 2026
Compliance with ethical standards
Guarantor: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Bettina Katalin Budai.
Conflict of interest: Software support for this study was provided by Siemens Healthineers and Coreline Soft. F.C.T. reports receiving honoraria for lectures and presentations from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, Novartis, CSL Behring, Streamed Up, and RG Gesellschaft für Information und Organisation mbH, as well as research funding from the E&H Knorr Stiftung. C.P.H. reports stock ownership in GSK, receiving consultation fees from Voiant from 2025, research funding from Exscientia between 2023 and 2024, and honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Chiesi, and Sanofi, as well as being a patent holder of Method and Device for Representing the Microstructure of the Lungs, IPC8 Class: AA61B5055FI, PAN: 20080208038. C.P.H. is a member of the European Radiology Editorial Board and, as such, has not participated in the review or selection processes for this article. H.U.K. reports receiving honoraria for lectures and presentations from Boehringer Ingelheim, Siemens, Philips, and Streamed Up, as well as research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Siemens, Philips, as well as serving on advisory boards for Contextflow and Median. H.U.K. is a member of the European Radiology Editorial Board and, as such, has not participated in the review or selection processes for this article. J.B. is a member of the European Radiology Editorial Board and, as such, has not participated in the review or selection processes for this article. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Statistics and biometry: One of the authors has significant statistical expertise.
Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.
Ethics approval: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. The COSYCONET study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Philipps University Marburg (reference no. AZ 2010-28), as well as the ethics committees of each center.
Study subjects or cohorts overlap: No study subjects or cohorts have previously been reported.
Methodology: