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Authors
Bhamani, Amyn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-6119
Khaw, Chuen R.
Prendecki, Ruth
Verghese, Priyam
Creamer, Andrew
Dickson, Jennifer L.
Horst, Carolyn
Hall, Helen
Tisi, Sophie
Mullin, Monica
Patrick, Tanya
McCabe, John
Hacker, Anne-Marie
Farrelly, Laura
Arthur-Darkwa, Esther
Navani, Neal
Devaraj, Anand
Hackshaw, Allan
,
Nair, Arjun
Janes, Sam M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grail (N/A)
Cancer Research UK (EDDCPGM\100002)
Cancer Research UK (N/A)
Cancer Research UK (CTUQQR-Dec22/100009)
Medical Research Council (MR/W025051/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T02481X/1)
CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence (N/A)
Rosetrees Trust (N/A)
Longfonds BREATH Consortia (N/A)
MRC UKRMP2 Consortia (N/A)
Garfield Weston Trust (N/A)
University College London Hospitals Charitable Foundation (N/A)
Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C-AACR-DT23-17)
AstraZeneca (N/A)
University of British Columbia (N/A)
NIHR (N/A)
Horizon Europe (N/A)
UK Research and Innovation (N/A)
UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (N/A)
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Revised: 15 May 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Compliance with ethical standards
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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Sam M. Janes.
: A.B., C.R.K., R.P., P.V., A.C., J.L.D., C.H., H.H., S.T. and J.M. were or are employed by University College London (UCL) through the SUMMIT Study funding provided by GRAIL, Inc. S.M.J. has received fees for advisory board membership in the last 3 years from Bard1 Lifescience. He has received grant income from GRAIL, Inc. He is an unpaid member of a GRAIL advisory board. He has received lecture fees for academic meetings from Cheisi and AstraZeneca. His wife works for AstraZeneca. N.N. reports consulting fees or honoraria for non-promotional educational talks from Amgen, AstraZeneca, AXANA, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, EQRx, Fujifilm, Guardant Health, Intuitive, Janssen, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Olympus, Roche and Sanofi. He has received support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, Fujifilm, Intuitive, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Olympus. He is a member of the British Thoracic Oncology Group steering committee, director of the UK Lung Cancer Coalition and Clinical Director of National Lung Cancer Audit. A.N. has received consultation fees from MSD and honoraria for speaking engagements from Mevis Medical Solutions. He is an executive committee member and travelling Professor for the British Society of Thoracic Imaging, Co-chair of the British Thoracic Society Pulmonary Nodule Guideline Development Group, Lung Taskforce member for the British Lung Foundation and former clinical lead for the NHS England Targeted Lung Health Checks Programme. A.H. has received support for travel for an advisory board meeting for Roche. He is on an academic scientific advisory board for each of Adela Bio, Roche and Luventix, which are developing multicancer blood or urine tests, but receives no payments/honoraria for this from any of these companies. M.M. reports support for travel to an international conference from GRAIL, Inc. All authors perceive that these disclosures pose no academic conflict for this study and declare no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.
: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.
: This cohort of study participants has not previously been reported.
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