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Article History

Received: 7 March 2026

Revised: 16 June 2026

Accepted: 9 July 2026

First Online: 8 August 2026

Compliance with ethical standards

Guarantor: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Colin Jacobs.

Conflict of interest: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop received speaker fees from Canon and Boehringer and royalties from Thieme and Elsevier unrelated to nodule research; Colin Jacobs receives research grants and royalties to the host institution from MeVis Medical Solutions, Bremen, Germany, and payment for lectures from Canon Medical Systems and Johnson & Johnson. Colin Jacobs is a collaborator in a public-private research project where Radboudumc collaborates with Philips Medical Systems (Best, the Netherlands) and another public-private research project where Radboudumc collaborates with Siemens Healthineers (Erlangen, Germany). He reports no other relationships that are related to the subject matter of the article. The other authors of this manuscript declare no relationship with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

Statistics and biometry: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

Informed consent: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.

Ethical approval: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

Study subjects or cohorts overlap: Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in Dinnessen et al [ ]. This concerns 12 nodules in 12 patients from centre 3, selected from the larger dataset according to the eligibility criteria defined in the current study.

Methodology: