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Authors
Zhu, Liuhong
Lian, Danlan
Wang, Funan
Xie, Anjie
Wang, Jiaqi
Liu, Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8867-5122
Zhou, Jianjun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Medical Innovation Project from the Fujian Provincial Health and Wellness Science and Technology Program (2024CXB020)
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Article History
Received: 10 May 2026
Revised: 11 July 2026
Accepted: 23 August 2026
First Online: 28 September 2026
Compliance with ethical standards
Guarantor: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Prof. Jianjun Zhou.
Conflict of interest: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Statistics and biometry: Jiaqi Wang kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript.
Informed consent: Written informed consent was waived for Cohort A (clinical patient cohort) due to the use of de-identified routine clinical data and images. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in Cohort B (healthy volunteer cohort). Written informed consent for publication of the images shown in the figures was obtained from the depicted patient, and all identifying information has been removed to ensure anonymity.
Ethical approval: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.
Study subjects or cohorts overlap: Study subjects or cohorts have not been previously reported.
Methodology:
