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Authors
Butler, Casey B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-8652
Springbett, Cheyne M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8833-7975
Harborne, Alastair R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6818-8615
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Coral Reef Conservation Fund (0302.22.074717 NOAA NA18NOS4820181 Aramco – Coral Reef Partnership)
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2026
Accepted: 5 September 2026
First Online: 11 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics statement: All procedures involving the handling and assessment of spiny lobsters, snails, and fireworms in this study were conducted in accordance with ethical standards for the use of animals in research (in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association; Declaration of Helsinki). The study aimed to minimize stress and harm to the animals by implementing humane handling practices throughout the experimental period. Animals were housed in controlled environments that simulated their natural habitats, and their well-being was monitored daily.
