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Authors
Kamal, Izdihar https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7800-7629
Hapipi, Nurhidayah Mohd
Zaid, Mohd Hafiz Mohd
Khairul, Nazathul Syazliyana
Ghani, Norshazliza Abdul
Wei, Loh Zhi
Saharuddin, Nur Zawani
Jamil, Aminatul Saadiah Abdul
Diah, Hatikahaty Mohammad
Hamid, Khairiah Abdul
Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Putra Malaysia (GP/GPB/9810400)
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Article History
Received: 19 May 2025
Accepted: 4 October 2025
First Online: 20 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
