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Defect-engineered reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for high-performance supercapacitors: bridging defect chemistry, electrochemical analysis, and scalable energy storage applications

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-09066-w

Published Online: 2025-10-23

Published Print: 2025-11

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Sabet, Maziyar
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-23

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-23
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Article History

Received: 11 March 2025

Accepted: 15 October 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve experiments with human tissue or subjects; therefore, ethical approval is not applicable.

: The author declares no conflict of interest.

: All experimental data presented in this manuscript, including synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance results, are original and were independently obtained by the authors. No figures, numerical values, or datasets have been previously published in any prior work by the authors or others. All materials were synthesized in new batches, and characterization was repeated across three independent replicates ( n = 3) to ensure statistical validity. Any literature values cited for comparison are clearly referenced and not reproduced. All electrochemical tests were performed on independently prepared samples ( n ≥ 3), and no data were reused from prior publications.

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