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Authors
Sierra-Herrera, Diana https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2178-7833
Montañez, Nerly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5858-0082
Sandoval-Amador, Anderson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-121X
Peña-Ballesteros, Darío https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-9535
Blanco, Sergio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-875X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Industrial University of Santander
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
: Titanium metal samples used in this study were kindly supplied by Jaimes Rueda & Cia Ltda, whose contribution is gratefully acknowledged.
: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality agreements with the industrial partner that supplied key materials, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
: All authors have no conflicts of interest.
