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Authors
Sener, Tarik Emre
de Oliveira, Tiago Ribeiro
Demirkiran, Engin Denizhan
Perri, Davide
Pereira, Sergio
Caballero, Juan Pablo
Osorio, Luis
Kartalas, Ioannis Goumas
Goossens, Marijn
Schoensee, Bernhard
Dragos, Laurian
Veneziano, Domenico
Biyani, Chandra Shekhar
Somani, Bhaskar
Liatsikos, Evangelos
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Marmara University
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Article History
Received: 27 October 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve human participants or animal subjects. Ethical approval was therefore not required, as the research consisted solely of expert evaluation of a bench-top surgical simulator for educational validation.
