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Authors
Brown, Ella R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-1298
Umuhoza, Rose
Uwamahoro, Carine
Umwizerwa, Alliance
Eckardt, Winnie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4590-4559
Stoinski, Tara S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8287-1621
Cherney, Michael D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8422-5319
Auchus, Richard J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-6181
Rosenbaum, Stacy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-5302
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Leakey Foundation (Spring202310421)
National Science Foundation (DGE-2241144)
Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan
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Article History
Received: 7 March 2026
Accepted: 17 July 2026
First Online: 27 July 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: No competing interests.
Ethical approval: All research activities were approved by the Rwanda Development Board and the Rwandan National Council for Science and Technology (Permit #: NCST/482/434/2023). Researchers followed strict no-contact protocols with subjects at all times; samples were collected only after the subject had moved at least 7 m away, and surgical facemasks were worn at all times.
