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Article History

Received: 30 April 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 11 May 2026

Declarations

:

: On behalf of all co-authors, the corresponding author declares that there are no conflict of interest.

: The machine learning models, training scripts, and topology optimization code employed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: The authors declared their approval to participate in the submitted manuscript.

: The authors declare that they all agree to publish this manuscript.