Article History
Accepted: 6 April 2023
First Online: 28 May 2023
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.
: The databases that support the findings of this study are available from The Center for Biometrics and Security Research (CASIA-FASD) and Idiap Research Institute (Replay-Attack). However, restrictions apply to the availability of these databases, which were used under license in this study and are not publicly available. Databases are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [CitationRef removed, CitationRef removed].