Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 30 April 2025

First Online: 27 May 2025

Declarations

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: This study was conducted in compliance with ethical standards through a multi-institutional collaboration between Southern University of Science and Technology and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, having obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board of several hospitals. All data collection procedures involving human participants across multiple medical institutions and academic facilities were performed under physician supervision with written informed consent obtained prior to enrollment. Participant confidentiality and gait data security were strictly maintained through encrypted storage in our institutional database compliant with international data protection regulations (GDPR/ISO 27001 standards), ensuring no unauthorized access or data leakage throughout the research process. The investigation adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, with no conflict of interest declared by any participating researchers or institutions involved in this study.