Kim, Yoon Kyoung
Nagaoka, Eiki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3768-8692
Oishi, Kiyotoshi
Toba, Mikayo
Fushimi, Kiyohide
Fujita, Tomoyuki
Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
: Approved by the Institutional Review Board of Institute of Science Tokyo (Approval number: M2000-788). Approved by the Institutional Review Board of Institute of Science Tokyo (Approval number: M2000-788). Each hospital anonymised patient identification using code change equations created by each hospital, which were then sent to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Patients had the option to opt out from having their information included in the database.