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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (AGS-1948667, AGS-1822015)
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Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests.
: The data used in this study are from publicly accessible data archives. The HadISST is available at . The NOAA ERSSTv5, ICOADS SST, and Kaplan SST are, respectively, downloaded from the NOAA PSL website: , , and .
