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Authors
Li, Youwei
Wang, Beini
Tang, Wenjuan
Cai, Shuiling
Yao, Yanyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Jiaotong University Nursing Discipline Development Program (SJTUHLXK2023)
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 18 October 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. This research was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the Children’s Hospital of Shanghai (approval number: 2023R076-F01). Written informed consent was subsequently obtained from all participants prior to study inclusion.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include any identifying images orpersonal/clinical details of participants that compromise anonymity.
