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Authors
Bakari, Rajabu Athumani
Mwanga, Ally
Kitua, Daniel
Kivuyo, Nashivai
Chibwae, Alfred
Brighton, Meshack
Salim, Mohammed Sultan
Kibwana, Kitembo Salum
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was submitted for review to the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Institutional Review Board (IRB). Approval for data collection was granted by the MNH authorities. Ethical clearance was obtained from MUHAS with reference number MUHAS-REC-08-2024-2408. The researcher requested a waiver for documented informed consent due to the reliance on existing secondary data, with no direct patient interaction.
: Permission for publication was granted by all institutions involved in this study. The confidentiality and privacy of participants were strictly upheld, with the manuscript containing no details that could reveal individuals’ identities.
