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Authors
Mou, Zhenyang
Dong, Chong
Sun, Chao
Zheng, Weiping
Yang, Yang
Wang, Zhen
Han, Chao
Xie, Enbo
Zhang, Guofeng
Wang, Kai
Gao, Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Research Program of the Tianjin Municipal Education Commission (2023YXZD08)
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2025
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 24 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by Science and Technology Ethics Committee of TFCH (Nov 3, 2025/KYAP2025-163).
: Given the retrospective design of this study, which involved the secondary analysis of existing, anonymized clinical data collected as part of routine medical care, the requirement for obtaining written informed consent from individual participants was waived by the aforementioned IRB/IEC. This waiver was granted because the research presented no more than minimal risk to the subjects, their rights and welfare were not adversely affected, and the research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver. All data were rigorously de-identified prior to analysis to protect patient confidentiality.
