Lan, Nan
Shen, Bo
Wang, Jianping
Article History
Accepted: 14 August 2018
First Online: 15 September 2018
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) and the hospitals participating in the program are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the study.