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Article History

Received: 20 August 2025

Revised: 22 February 2026

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (approval number M2018-006).

: Prior to death, all donors voluntarily provided consent for their bodies to be used for educational and research purposes. Detailed explanations of the study methods were given, and informed consent was obtained from all donors. Following death, consent was reconfirmed with the donors’ families to ensure that there were no objections.

: Not applicable.

: Kenro Chikazawa received lecture honoraria from Ethicon (Tokyo, Japan), Terumo (Tokyo, Japan), and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (Tokyo, Japan). The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.