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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

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: J.K., C.F., R.S., F.S., M.S., T.T., F.V., E.X., F.O., T.D., D.G., S.C., and J.W. report no disclosuresN.K. reported receiving grants from the German Heart Foundation and the Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung outside the submitted work. M.v.S. has been supported by an excellence grant of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK-81X3600506) and is also funded by the Corona Foundation as part of the Junior Research Group Somatic Mutations (S199/10085/2021). M.v.S. and H.S. have received funding from the European Union (HORIZON) for the Multiomics based Risk stratification of Atherosclerotic CardiovascuLar disEase project (MIRACLE: 101115381). H.B.S. has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (STRATO, grant agreement No. 759272), the “Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung” (2020_EKSE.07), and the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)” (515567441, 470462396, and CRC 1123 (B11)). T.K.’s work is funded by the European Union (ERC, MATRICARD, 101077205; to T.K.). Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. T.K.’s work is also funded by the Corona Foundation as part of the Junior Research Group Translational Cardiovascular Genomics (S199/10070/2017) and the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the collaborative research center SFB 1123 (B2, to T.K. and H.S.), the research project KE 2116/4–1), and the Heisenberg Program (KE 2116/5–1). C.G. has been supported by an excellence grant of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (FKZ-81X3600511). H.B.S. received lecture fees and travel support from Novo Nordisk Pharma GmbH, AstraZeneca GmbH, Translumina, and Abbott Medical GmbH. H.S., A.K., and T.K. are named inventors on a patent application for prevention of restenosis after angioplasty and stent implantation outside the submitted work. T.K. received lecture fees from Translumina, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbott, and Astra-Zeneca, which are unrelated to this work. S.K. reports speaker and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Bentley, speaker fees from Abbott, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Translumina, and a research grant from Bentley, not related to the current work