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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 12 October 2025

First Online: 3 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local ethics board of the Technical University Munich, Germany, and adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors take responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.

: CK reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca and Translumina. FV reports speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, ShockWave, and Translumina and educational grants from Abbott, Bentley Innomed, and SIS-Medical. TK reports speaker fees from B. Braun Melsungen. SK reports speaker and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Bentley, and speaker fees from Abbott, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Translumina and a research grant from Bentley, not related to the current work. HS reports lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, MSD Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Servier, Sanofi-Aventis, Synlab, and Bristol-Myers Squibb, consulting fees from MSD Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Servier, and external funds from AstraZeneca, St. Jude, and Boston Scientific. JW reports lecture fees from Abbott Vascular, AstraZeneca, Philips, and Translumina and received Institutional Research Grant support from Abbott Vascular. The other authors declare no potential conflict of interest.