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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Accepted: 9 November 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Thomas Nestelberger has received research support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (P400PM_191037/1), the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, the Margarete und Walter Lichtenstein-Stiftung (3MS1038), and the University Hospital Basel as well as speaker honoraria/consulting honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences, Siemens, Beckman Coulter, Bayer, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, and Orion Pharma, outside the submitted work. Pedro Lopez-Ayala has received research grants from the Swiss Heart Foundation (FF20079, FF21103 and FF24149) and speaker’s honoraria from Quidel and Roche Diagnostics, paid to the institution and outside the submitted work. Christian Mueller has received research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the University Basel, the University Hospital Basel, Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Beckman Coulter, Boehringer Ingelheim, BRAHMS, Critical Diagnostics, Idorsia, Novartis, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Quidel, Roche, Siemens, Singulex, Sphingotec, and SpinChip, as well as speaker/consulting honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Idorsia, Osler, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, Singulex, and SpinChip, all paid to the institution. Felix Götzinger has received research support from the German Foundation for Heart Research and has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. Dr. Boeddinghaus is supported by an Edinburgh Doctoral College Scholarship and research grants from the University of Basel, the University Hospital of Basel, the Division of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, the Gottfried and Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Swiss Heart Foundation, and has received honoraria from Siemens, Roche Diagnostics, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Quidel Corporation, and Beckman Coulter, and travel support from Medtronic and Vascularmedical, all outside the submitted work. Felix Mahfoud has been supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TRR219, Project-ID 322900939), and Deutsche Herzstiftung. Saarland University has received scientific support from Ablative Solutions, Medtronic and ReCor Medical. Until May 2024, FM has received speaker honoraria/consulting fees from Ablative Solutions, Astra-Zeneca, Inari, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Philips, and ReCor Medical. Philipp Breitbart has received research support from the German Heart Foundation as well as speaker honoraria and consultancy fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi Aventis, and Siemens Healthineers. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with this study and that they have critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version for submission.

: The manuscript and its contents have not been published previously and are not being considered for publication elsewhere in whole or in part in any language, including publicly accessible websites or e-print servers.