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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 21 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Lazio Area 3 (ID 7293) in view of the retrospective nature of the study, and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care .

: The study has been executed using Generator Real World Data standard methodologies, including successful completion of Data Protection Impact Analysis (DPIA), performed in May 2021. Therefore, the study is compliant with the GDPR Italian and European directives and regulations (EU Directive 2016/679 and under Italian Laws: Decreto Legislativo 196/2003 and its amendment Decreto Legislativo 101 2018). The DPIA allows the treatment of data on health for research purposes, also without the consent of the patient.

: ADA, MB, SF, MGDB, GS, GP, LG, LA, JL declared no conflict of interest. DP received speaker’s fees from Daiichi Sankyo, outside the submitted work. DP is supported by a research grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Grant: ‘Ricerca Corrente’). GL reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi, and Novartis. GL reports grant support (to the institution) for investigator-initiated research from the American Heart Association, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and the Italian Ministry of Health (Grant: ‘Ricerca Corrente’). FB and CT speaker’s fees from Medtronic, Abiomed, Terumo, Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences. RAM reports Grant support from Ministero della Salute – Grant Ricerca Finalizzata numero GR-2019–12370197; TS reports personal fees from Medtronic and Abiomed.