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Authors
Schäfer, Matthieu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1875-1163
Metze, Clemens https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8980-4598
Hasse, Caroline F.
Althoff, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-0160
Gietzen, Thorsten https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-202X
Finke, Karl https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4710-8508
von Stein, Jennifer https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3871-164X
von Stein, Philipp https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-3897
Wrobel, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-3413
Nies, Richard J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-6031
Kural, Merve
Iliadis, Christos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7655-8500
Halbach, Marcel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6361-5825
Baldus, Stephan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8259-1737
Polidori, M. Cristina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-904X
Körber, Maria I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9073-9279
Pfister, Roman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4358-5008
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Köln
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All enrolled patients gave written informed consent. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the University of Cologne (14–116).
: SB has received honoraria for lectures and research grants from JenaValve (Irvine, California), Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland), Abbott Cardiovascular (Chicago, Illinois), and Edwards Lifesciences (Unterschleißheim, Germany). CI has received travel expenses and consultant fees from Abbott Cardiovascular and Edwards Lifesciences. CFH has received travel expenses from Boehringer/Ingelheim (Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany) and Lilly Deutschland (Bad Homburg, Germany). MIK has received travel expenses and consulting fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Abbott Cardiovascular, JenaValve, and Siemens Healthineers (Forchheim, Germany). RP has received speaker fees from Edwards Lifesciences and Abbott Cardiovascular and consultancy fees from Edwards Lifesciences. JvS has received speaker honoraria and travel fees from Edwards Lifesciences. The other authors declare that they have no relationship with industry.
