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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University General Hospital of Ioannina, Greece (896/21–12-2020).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Amalia Despoina Koutsogianni has received personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work. Fotios Barkas has received honoraria and personal fees from Amgen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Viatris, outside the submitted work. George Liamis has received honoraria, grants and nonfinancial support from Angelini, Bayer, Menarini, and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Evangelos Liberopoulos reports personal fees and non-financial support from Amgen, personal fees from Servier, personal fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZeneca, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Lilly, personal fees and non-financial support from Bayer, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Chiesi, outside the submitted work. Constantinos Tellis and Alexandros Tselepis report no conflicts of interest associated with the present work. Sotirios Tsimikas is a coinventor and receives royalties from patents owned by UCSD; is a cofounder and has an equity interest in Oxitope and its affiliates Kleanthi Diagnostics and Covicept Therapeutics; and has a dual appointment at UCSD, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals.