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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

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: H.B.S. has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (STRATO, grant agreement No. 759272), the “Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung” (2020_EKSE.07) and the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)” (515567441, 470462396, CRC 1123 (B11)).” T.K.’s work is funded by the European Union (ERC, MATRICARD, 101077205; to T.K.). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. T.K.’s work is also funded by the Corona Foundation as part of the Junior Research Group Translational Cardiovascular Genomics (S199/10070/2017) and the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the collaborative research center SFB 1123 (B2, to T.K. and H.S), the research project KE 2116/4–1), and the Heisenberg Program (KE 2116/5–1). C.G. has been supported by an excellence grant of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (FKZ-81X3600511). H.B.S. received lecture fees and travel support from Novo Nordisk Pharma GmbH, AstraZeneca, Translumina GmbH and Abbott Medical GmbH. H.S., A.K. and T.K. are named inventors on a patent application for prevention of restenosis after angioplasty and stent implantation outside the submitted work. T.K. received lecture fees from Translumina GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbott, and AstraZeneca which are unrelated to this work.