Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 March 2026

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

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: Derk Frank received research support from Edwards Lifesciences and is a member of the advisory boards of Edwards Lifesciences and Medtronic. He also received speaker’s fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott, and Boston Scientific. Jakob Voran reports no personal competing interests. Tanja K. Rudolph received support from Edwards Lifesciences and Boston Scientific for institutional grants and is a member of the advisory boards of JenaValve and Medtronic. She also received institutional speaker’s fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott, Boston Scientific, JenaValve, and Amgen. Matti Adam reports honoraria from Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences, JenaValve, Medtronic and Meril. Henryk Dreger received speakers’ fees and research support from Abbott and Edwards Lifesciences. He is also a member of the advisory board of Abbott and Edwards Lifesciences. Dirk Westermann received honorary independent from the current manuscript from Abiomed, AstraZeneca, BoehringerIngelheim, Daiichi, Medtronic and Meril. Samuel Sossalla received spearkers/consulting honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Novartis, Berlin-Chemie, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Bayer, and Pfizer. Steffen Massberg has no conflicts of interests to declare. Axel Linke reports honoraria or consultancy fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Boston Scientific, Abiomed, Novartis, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Abbott, MSD, Corvia, Daiichi and Meril Lifesciences; and received grant support form Edwards Lifesciences and Novartis. He also owns stock options from Transverse Medical, Picardia and Filterlex. Markus Krane is a physician proctor and a member of the medical advisory board for Sanamedi and Edwards Lifesciences and has received speakers’ honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences, AtriCure and CytoSorbents. Elmar Kuhn serves as a proctor for Medtronic and Abbott and has received travel expenses from Edwards Lifesciences. Axel Unbehaun serves as a medical proctor for Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, and JenaValve. Michael Joner reports personal fees from Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Recor and QmedConsulting, as well as grants from Boston Scientific and Edwards Lifesciences, outside of the submitted work. Sandra Lauck reports to be a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences and Medtronic. David Spirk reports personal fees from Sanofi and Cook Medical, outside of the submitted work. Lena Zimmermann and Claudia Lüske are employees of IPPMed and received support for research grants from Edwards Lifesciences to the institution. Won-Keun Kim reports personal fees from Abbott, Anteris, Boston Scientific, Cardiawave, Edwards Lifesciences, HID Imaging, JenaValve, Medtronic, Meril Life Sciences, and P&F; and received institutional fees from Boston Scientific. Florian Leuschner has received speaker honoraria from Medtronic and Edwards Lifesciences. Hendrik Ruge reports personal fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Abbott Medical and Medtronic outside of the submitted work.