Document is current

Article History

Received: 28 May 2026

Accepted: 4 September 2026

First Online: 22 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: The study was approved by the local research ethics committees (SPUM-ACS cohort, NCT01000701).

Consent to participate: All participating individuals provided written informed consent in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Competing interests: The SPUM-ACS cohort was supported by unrestricted grants by AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Roche, MSD, and Medtronic. DH is affiliated with the Department of Clinical Research (DCR) of the University of Bern, which follows a staff policy of not accepting honoraria or consultancy fees. However, the DCR is involved in the design, conduct, or analysis of clinical studies funded by not-for-profit and for-profit organizations. In particular, pharmaceutical and medical device companies provide direct funding to some of these studies. For an up-to-date list of the DCR’s funding sources, see . ML has received unrelated research funding from Novartis, Roche, Leica, Bacoba, Scailyte, Oncobit, Tcypher, and Molecular Partners. ML is also a founder and board member of the cancer monitoring company Oncobit. FR has not received personal payments by pharmaceutical companies or device manufacturers in the last 3 years (remuneration for the time spent in activities, such as participation as steering committee member of clinical trials and member of the Pfizer Research Award selection committee in Switzerland, was made directly to the University of Zurich). The Department of Cardiology (University Hospital of Zurich/University of Zurich) reports research-, educational-, and/or travel grants from Abbott, Abiomed, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, At the Limits Ltd., Bayer, Biotronik, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bracco, CM Microport, Concept Medical, CTI, Daiichi Sankyo, Edwards Lifesciences, FomF GmbH, Hamilton Health Sciences, IHF, Innosuisse, LumiraDx, Kantar, LabPoint, MedAlliance, Medcon International, Medical Education Global Solutions, Medtronic, MicroPort, Monocle, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, OM Pharma, Pfizer, Quintiles Switzerland Sarl, RecorMedical, Roche Diagnostics, Roche Pharma, Sahajanand IN, Sanofi, Sarstedt AG, Servier, Terumo Deutschland, Trama Solutions, V-Wave, Vifor, and ZOLL. These grants do not impact his personal remuneration. CMM has received research grants to the institution from Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Roche, Amgen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and MSD including speaker or consultant fees. OVD was partially supported in the past by Kowa Research Institute for a project unrelated to the current manuscript.