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Authors
Chang, Zhiyao
Talsma, Elise F.
Cai, Hongyi
Fan, Shenggen
Ni, Yuanying
Wen, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-0547
van’ t Veer, Pieter
Biesbroek, Sander
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Article History
Received: 23 March 2024
Accepted: 30 July 2025
First Online: 19 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: China Health and Nutrition Survey is an open-access longitudinal studies, which is continuously conducting by China Center for Disease Control and the University of North Carolina at Chaple Hill. The ethics approval was obtained by the review board from the National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China Center for Disease Control and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. All parents gave written informed consent for their children’s participation in the survey, and data were anonymized for the analysis. In addition, the manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.
