Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 20 December 2025
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The PLCO study was approved by the National Cancer Institute’s institutional review board. Ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee of Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, as analysis of publicly available anonymized data was deemed to be a negligible risk.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the PLCO study.