Guivarch, Claire https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-6954
Wu, Jing
Lu, Ruijin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-6545
Grewal, Jagteshwar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-4876
Yu, Guoqi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9360-9285
Li, Ling-Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3189
Yang, Jiaxi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4497-9615
Pang, Wei Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-7022
Wang, Dong D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0897-3048
Weir, Natalie L.
Tsai, Michael Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-3408
Albert, Paul S.
Chen, Zhen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-1362
Zhang, Cuilin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8014-2708
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 20 December 2025
First Online: 14 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Claire Guivarch reports that this work has received the N&G Best Research Award in the Neonatal & Prematurity category of the 11th International Conference on Nutrition & Growth (15–17 February 2024, Lisbon, Portugal). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: NCT00912132.
: All participants provided written consent before data collection and approval was obtained for NICHD and all clinical sites.