Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Jordi Salas-Salvado reports financial support and travel were provided by International Nut and Dried Fruit Foundation. Jordi Salas-Salvado reports supplies of olive oil, almonds, hazelnuts and walnuts to give for free to PREDIMED participants provided by Olive Trees Communal Heritage Foundation, Borges SA, La Morella nuts and the Walnut Commision, respectively. Jose V Sorli reports financial support was provided by Carlos III Health Institute. Jordi Salas-Salvado reports financial support was provided by Carlos III Health Institute. Jordi Salas-Salvado reports financial support was provided by European Commission. Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by Fundación Bosch I Gimpera. Jose V Sorli reports financial support was provided by Biomedical Research Network Center of the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition. Emilio Ros reports financial support was provided by California Walnut Commission. Emilio Ros reports financial support and travel were provided by Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Emilio Ros reports financial support was provided by Fundación Dieta Mediterránea. Emilio Ros reports travel was provided by Imperial College London. Emilio Ros reports travel was provided by Wine Information Council. Emilio Ros reports financial support was provided by Alexion (Advisory Board). Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by Carlos III Health Institute. Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Health. Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by European Commission. Ramon Estruch reports was provided by Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero. Ramon Estruch reports was provided by California Walnut Commission. Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by Cerveza y Salud. Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by Dallant Industries. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Brewers of Europe. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Pernaud Richart. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Wine and Culinary International Forum. Ramon Estruch reports financial support was provided by Grand-Fountain Laboratories. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Karolinska Institute. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Italian Pavilion, EXPO Dubai 2020. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by Cretan Lifestyle. Ramon Estruch reports administrative support and travel were provided by Labelling reform. Ramon Estruch reports travel was provided by The Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Ramon Struch reports travel was provided by Cardioprev Study. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by Carlos III Health Institute. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by European Commission. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Health. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by Escoveritas SA. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by Patrimonio Communal Olivarero. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by California Walnut Commission. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by The Peanut Institute. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by Oli migjorn. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports financial support was provided by UNIDECO SA. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports travel was provided by Wine in Moderation. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports travel was provided by ADVENTIA SA. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports travel was provided by Cretan Lifestyle. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports travel was provided by Tecnológico de Monterrey. Emilio Ros reports a relationship with Alexion (Advisory Board that includes: board membership and consulting or advisory. Jordi Salas-Salvado reports a relationship with Danone Institute that includes: board membership. Jordi Salas-Salvado reports a relationship with International Nut and Dried Fruit Foundation World Forum For nutrition research and Dissemination that includes: board membership. Ramon Estruch reports a relationship with The Alcohol and Breast Cancer (ABC) Trial that includes: board membership. Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos reports a relationship with Fundación Dieta Mediterránea that includes: board membership. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.