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Authors
Blumenthal, Annika Katja https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2306-2182
Eichner, Gerrit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-5520
Fasshauer, Mathias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8077-6404
Eise, Nathalie Judith https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-1555
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Article History
Received: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 21 August 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: AKB, MF, and NJE are involved in the development of the free, non-commercial Neatic program ( ), which aims to reduce the intake of ultra-processed foods by tracking flavour, sweetener, and free sugar consumption.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The UK Biobank study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the North West-Haydock Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 21/NW/0157). Written informed consent was provided by all participants at baseline.
Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI, version GPT-5.5) in order to assist with language editing and to improve grammar, clarity, and style. No scientific content, data analysis, or interpretation was generated or influenced by the use of the tool. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
